WATER GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE IN NIGERIA

Abstract

Purpose: This review examines the structure of water governance in Nigeria, analysing the interplay between legal frameworks, institutional arrangements, stakeholder involvement, and socio-political factors that shape water resource management and access.
Design/Methodology: A systematic review of existing literature, policy documents, and empirical studies on Nigeria’s water governance was conducted. Key legislation, including the National Water Resources Act, the River Basin Development Authorities Act, and the National Water Supply and Sanitation Policy, were critically assessed alongside their implementation records.
Findings: Despite the existence of key legislative frameworks, effective water governance in Nigeria is systematically undermined by conflicts of interest, institutional fragmentation, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, and the compounding impacts of climate change. Water use in Nigeria remains predominantly domestic, yet millions of citizens lack access to safe water and sanitation, with severe consequences for public health. Implementation gaps persist due to chronic underfunding, weak enforcement mechanisms, and the subordination of water management to competing political interests. The COVID-19 pandemic further exposed the fragility of existing water systems.
Practical Implications: The study underscores the need for integrated water resource management, stronger institutional frameworks, accountability mechanisms, and meaningful community engagement to bridge governance gaps and achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6).
Originality/Value: This review synthesises a broad body of evidence to provide a comprehensive critical assessment of Nigeria’s water governance architecture, identifying systemic reform priorities and offering actionable recommendations grounded in equity, sustainability, and public health imperatives.